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3.3 How Civilization Began: AntiquityVersion 1.3 February 2017Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â (Previous Version)
This chapter covers the period from about 5,000 years ago up to about 1,500 years ago (and up to about 500 years ago in Africa, the Americas and Australia). In this period many social institutions, such as cities, governments, money, laws and armies developed, as well as most of the world’s traditional religions. Cultural forms such as art and architecture, poetry, music and theatre became more codified. In this period intellectual skills developed, such as writing and arithmetic as well as technology such as the wheel, better agriculture, shipping, metal work and weaponry.
Much of our knowledge of this period comes from written material, including written laws, trading and accounting records, plays and poems, and philosophical and religious writing. This material is still supplemented and cross referenced to artefacts, ancient ruins, and other scientific evidence. We propose to look at how we know what we know about history under the following headings:
As stated in the chapter overview, this is the current summary of our conclusions in this area: Farmers began to produce a surplus which allowed societies to support rulers, priests, trades and craft workers and merchants, and early civilisations adopted different solutions to local problems, developing technology, trade, counting, arithmetic, taxation, money, writing, legal systems, religion and philosophy.  more                                                             Statement 16
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